College Binge Drinking (Penn State and in relation to other studies Essay

College Binge Drinking (Penn State and in relation to other studies done) - Essay Example e this binge drinking phenomena as an issue, researchers have taken productive measures by studying students excessive alcohol consumption, preventative measures surrounding students and excessive drinking, and reasons behind students’ binge drinking. Students at the university have habits that incorporate profound drinking in their lives especially when college students find themselves in social situations where an assortment of alcohol is served. According to the text by Leonard (1999), studies carried out show that groups of students aged 18 to 22 have habits of drinking in college bars and at parties. He further goes ahead to state that normally this is done in three categories of alcohol: beer, liquor or both. This is confirmed by Prevention Progress at Penn State [e-book], whereby we are told that binge drinking dates back to1995 when Graham Spanier became president in the university. The students had the same habits of drinking uncontrollably then and it is with this observation that he began a movement consisting of an alcohol advertising campaign to try and curb it in 1999. On the other hand, in his article, Reifman (2003), claims that statistics carried out shows that about 44% of the Penn State students binge drink and in fact end up in hospitals due to alcohol related problems. Moreover, the article says that Penn State-University Park campus has approximately 45,000 students in the campus alone which enables drinking to become equal to an epidemic in the university. Nevertheless, in the text by Nicoletti, Spencer-Thomas & Bollinger (2010), we are told that freshmen students are an easy target for binge drinking research amongst college students due to their transitioning from high school to college and eagerness to fit in such a new environment. In a research study on prevention and intervention to curtail college binge drinking, alcohol related consequences that happen in the first days of the semester with new students is heavy and goes beyond

Research Proposal With Credible Sources Included 6 different subjects Essay

Research Proposal With Credible Sources Included 6 different subjects - Essay Example soned On Their First Offense† at customwritingtips.com http://customwritingtips.com/component/k2/item/14745-drunk-drivers-should-be-imprisoned-on-their-first-offense.html â€Å"Drivers Convicted of Drunk Driving Should Be Imprisoned on their First Offense† at scribd.com http://www.scribd.com/doc/142448055/Drivers-convicted-of-drunk-driving-should-be-imprisoned-on-their-first-offense The neglected art of letter writing should be enkindled because; unlike emails, letters are pieces of memory and not just messages; letters express the feelings, emotions and personality of the writer and it’s a wonderful way to reflect and connect. Workers in essential services (police force and military for instance) should be permitted to strike by virtue of need for collective voice to enable balance of power between them and their employers, in case they are made to perform unethical tasks in the guise of humanization, also the right to strike is a constitutional right for every employee. â€Å"The Right to Strike: Essential Services and Minimum Service Agreements† at werksmans.com http://www.werksmans.com/legal-briefs-view/the-right-to-strike-essential-services-and-minimum-service-agreements/ â€Å"2000+ Reasons Why GMOs Are Safe to Eat and Environmentally Sustainable† at forbes.com

Impact Of 19th Century European Colonialism History Essay

Impact Of 19th Century European Colonialism History Essay This paper will examine the impact of 19th century European Colonialism on the Third World. Firstly I will provide a definition of the terms colonialism and Third Word, secondly I will try to evaluate this term in historical context of 19th century affairs which led to colonisation of Third World countries. I will also define countries have been colonised and name the colonising countries to provide clear picture of the subject stated above. Further I will present the arguments which will help me examine the impact of colonisation and evaluate the outcomes of this process. In the final part I shall try to add my personal opinion about colonisation in 19th century and its impact in current world politics. To understand the term colonialism we need to go back in the history and perhaps start from the ancient Greeks, who set up colonies so did the Romans, the Rooms and the Ottomans. The fact is that we cannot give an exact date when this process has started, however we can definitely state that in the 16th century colonialism has changed its dimension due to development in navigation that lead to better understanding of remote parts of the world, which were until then inaccessible. Improvement in fast sailing ships enabled discovering unknown parts of world and discovering new continents, thus severing ties between colonies and centres. Eventually this has led to the process of European settlement and political control over the rest of the world, including both Americas, Australia, Africa and certain parts of Asia. Fieldhouse in West and the Third World is referring to Oxford English Dictionary, in which we find that colonialism comes from the Roman colonia which meant farm or settlement, and referred to Romans who settled in the other lands but still retained their citizenship. Accordingly, the OED describes it as, A settlement in a new countrya body of people who settle in a new locality, forming a community subject to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed, consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors, as long as the connection with the parent state is kept up. Fieldhouse (1999, p. ) There is another aspect of colonialism which needs to be mentioned here. This concept is imperialism, which very often is mistaken as synonym of the term colonialism. Both these concepts were forms of conquering new territories which were expected to bring benefits to Europe in areas such as strategies and economics. However when we talk about colonialism we often refer to inhabiting places such as North America, Australia, New Zealand, Algeria and South America, mainly Brazil, that were controlled by European empires. Whereas the term imperialism refers to foreign government representatives administers a territory without settlement, typical example may be the scramble for Africa in late nineteenth century. In this essay, however I am going to be referring to colonialism in context of political domination between sixteenth and twentieth century, and nineteen century in particular. The Third World is a more difficult concept to be precisely defined. According to D.K. Fieldhouse Third Word form has been established as designating the non-capitalist and non-imperialist countries and colonies Fieldhouse (1999, p. 2) at the Bandung Conference of non aligned states in 1955. Thereafter it has become valid to indicate those Latin American, African and Asian countries that were politically detached from economic powers such as United States and the USSR. One of the propagators of colonialism in the early nineteenth century was Wakefield. In the book A View of the Art of Colonization, he claims: Colonies, therefore, are naturally exporting communities; they have a large produce for exportation. Not only have they a large produce for exportation, but that produce is peculiarly suited for exchange with old countries. I consequence of the cheapness of land in colonies, the great majority of the people are owners or occupiers of land; and their industry is necessarily in great soil, food and the raw materials of manufacture. In old countries on the other handit may be said that manufactured goods are their natural production of export. These are what the colonists do not produce. The colony produces what the colony wants. The old country and the colony, therefore, are, naturally, each others best customers. Wakefield (1849, p. 83) While this argument of complementarity was well suited to the early history of settlements societies from early Spanish America to nineteenth century Australia, New Zealand and Canada, it was also applicable, in modified form, to other parts of the world, notably tropical Africa and South-east Asia, which came under greatly increased European commercial influence during the later nineteenth century. Many parts of Africa, however well developed their internal and regional trades might be, lacked markets for greatly expanded production, particularly of bulk commodities. The establishment of overseas markets for existing products, such as palm oil or groundnuts, or innovations such as cocoa, rubber and coffee, provided a stimulus to expand land and labour utilization. This type of development, which was found also in the expanded rice production of parts of South-east Asia, did not normally require radical change in modes of production or costly new equipments. It was, therefore, potent ially cost-free to these societies, unless concentration on an export crop resulted in dependence on imports of foodstuffs that had been replaced by cash crops for export. To help me analyse the question of impact of 19th century colonialism I would like to look at Britain conquering of India. During the 19thcentury a succession of Governors General continued the British conquest in India. It has started from East India Company, which was founded by British trades initially to trade with India. Eventually British succeeded in capturing great part of India. Some Indian kingdoms were forcibly taken with military might and ruled directly as part of Indian government. By 1830 almost all of India was under direct or indirect control of Britain. More than half of the Indian provinces were directly governed by the Indian Civil Service, the remaining parts of the country called princely states were ruled by Rajahs, who were controlled by British Residents, who lived in the capital of the state and kept tabs on them. In mid 19th century India was governed by London through a Viceroy in Calcutta. The Indians were traded as slaves to other British colonies. According to D.K Fieldhouse Britain has led India to becoming a poor country; First, free trade had largely destroyed much of Indian industry, particularly that in cotton textiles, resulting in the de-industrialisation of the country for the benefit of British manufacturers and traders Fieldhouse (1999, p.35) Fieldhouse continues emphasising that development of India was stopped by rigorous free trade, which did not provide any form of protection for small industries. Real resources were drained from India to Britain, as a cause of obligatory payments for British military expenses and salaries of British officials. The combined effect was to condemn India to perpetual poverty as a nation forced to be a producing country for benefit of Britain. The British introduced modern technology with the intention to sell manufactured goods like textiles and machines for profit. In the process of trying to make a profit and exploiting India, the British did of course benefit India. They built railways throughout India in order to make everything readily accessible. They established Law Courts, civil services and transport systems. They also established factories, schools and universities to introduce western ideas and to incorporate the idea of democracy. Missionaries came to India and spread Christianity. This was all done in the name of Britains economy. (http://library.thinkquest.org/17282/history.html) The European colonialism of the world brought great things but the price colonized countries paid for it was also enormous. When analysing the final product of colonialism we can see two parallels, one is the lost of national identity or strictly speaking cultural identity, and the second is the changing of social structure and hierarchy. However colonialism, in as much as it was a vehicle for the export of Western technologies, also spelt the export of these ideas. Marxism views colonialism as a form of capitalism, enforcing exploitation and social change. Working within the global capitalist system, colonialism is closely associated with uneven development, he thought. Hence Marx himself regarded colonialism as brutal precondition for the liberation of these societies: England, it is true, in causing a social revolution in Hinduistan was actuated only by the vilest interests, and was stupid in her manner of enforcing them. But that is not the question. The question is, can mankind fulfil its destiny without a fundamental revolution in the social state of Asia? If not, whatever may have been the crimes of England she was the unconscious tool of history in bringing about that revolution Marx (1973, p.306) One of the Enlightenment thinkers Diderot was very critical of the barbarity of colonialism. Diderot was one of the most forceful critics of European colonization. He argued that it was not genuine intention of Europe to civilize the rest of the world. In his book Histoire des deux Indes, he counter argued the view that indigenous people benefit from European civilization and opposed that the European colonists are the uncivilized ones. He claimed that culture national character- helps to inculcate morality and reinforces norms of respect, but these norms tend to dissipate when the individual is far from his country of origin. He believed that colonial empires frequently become the sites of extreme brutality because when the colonists were far away from legal institutions and informal sanctions, the habits of restraint fell away, exposing natural mans full instinct for violence. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/) In the book of Water Rodney How Europe underdeveloped Africa, author emphasises that European colonialism destroyed the native viability of African societies and their capacity for sustained development, leaving them marginalized helots on the periphery of the western capitalist world. He summed this up by saying Africans went into colonialism with a hoe and came out with a hoe Rodney (1973, p.239) To aid understanding about his point of view Fieldhouse is using another author, Jean Suret- Canale. Fieldhouse emphasises that particularly in West Africa, mainly French trading companies, which were dominating these territories had no genuine interest in economic development. they merely wanted to export commodities and sell imported consumer goods. Fieldhouse (1999, p. 165) To conclude the legitimacy of colonialism is still visible today through examining the causes of poverty and underdevelopment in Third World countries. In many of the Third World countries commodities production for export, was in no sense an optional, and certainly not a sufficient condition for sustained economic growth. Its success or failure seems to have been in direct proportions to the extent to which this forcible linking of peripheral countries with the West injected and nurtured the virus of capitalism, or modernisation. In the British settlers colonies colonization did this very effectively, in most tropical dependencies the effects were limited. The relative poverty of many Third World countries reflects this particular failure. Yet the modern experience of a number of one-time colonies in South-east and East Asia also suggest that colonial rule and foreign trade may lay the foundations for much more dramatic economic development as part of international division of labou r.

Game Theory in Nature :: essays research papers

Game Theory in Nature: Biologists observe that animals and even lower organisms often behave altruistically. Such behavior is obviously beneficial for the species as a whole. Although it is difficult to measure how an animal’s altruistic behaviour affects its chances for survival and reproduction, theoretical research is starting to fill in the picture of how cooperation may survive natural selection. Some of the most illuminating ideas are coming from game theory, the field of mathematics that studies strategic behavior in competitive situations. For decades, game theorists' basic paradigm for the puzzle of cooperation has been the scenario called the prisoner's dilemma, in which each player has a powerful incentive to exploit the other. The game is set up so that cooperation is best for the group, but each player individually does better by taking advantage of the other. TIT FOR TAT: Things look rosier for cooperation in situations where a participant plays the prisoner's dilemma repeatedly with the same opponent and learns from previous games. After all, it can be risky to exploit someone you know you're going to encounter again. A player using the tit-for-tat strategy cooperates in the first round and then in each subsequent round mimics the opponent's behavior in the previous round. In a population containing a mix of defectors and tit-for-tat players, the latter generally do better, provided there are enough of them. When they meet another tit-for-tat player, both cooperate and get a high payoff. When they meet a defector, they get suckered once, but only once. If repeatedly losing the game translates into low fitness, often the defectors do so poorly that they eventually die out, leaving an entirely cooperative population. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between cooperation and exploitation could help explain the emergence not just of cooperation but also of life itself. After all, life owes its origins to primeval acts of inanimate cooperation, in which RNA, proteins, and other molecules banded together to form cells. Game Theory in Nature :: essays research papers Game Theory in Nature: Biologists observe that animals and even lower organisms often behave altruistically. Such behavior is obviously beneficial for the species as a whole. Although it is difficult to measure how an animal’s altruistic behaviour affects its chances for survival and reproduction, theoretical research is starting to fill in the picture of how cooperation may survive natural selection. Some of the most illuminating ideas are coming from game theory, the field of mathematics that studies strategic behavior in competitive situations. For decades, game theorists' basic paradigm for the puzzle of cooperation has been the scenario called the prisoner's dilemma, in which each player has a powerful incentive to exploit the other. The game is set up so that cooperation is best for the group, but each player individually does better by taking advantage of the other. TIT FOR TAT: Things look rosier for cooperation in situations where a participant plays the prisoner's dilemma repeatedly with the same opponent and learns from previous games. After all, it can be risky to exploit someone you know you're going to encounter again. A player using the tit-for-tat strategy cooperates in the first round and then in each subsequent round mimics the opponent's behavior in the previous round. In a population containing a mix of defectors and tit-for-tat players, the latter generally do better, provided there are enough of them. When they meet another tit-for-tat player, both cooperate and get a high payoff. When they meet a defector, they get suckered once, but only once. If repeatedly losing the game translates into low fitness, often the defectors do so poorly that they eventually die out, leaving an entirely cooperative population. Ultimately, a better understanding of the interplay between cooperation and exploitation could help explain the emergence not just of cooperation but also of life itself. After all, life owes its origins to primeval acts of inanimate cooperation, in which RNA, proteins, and other molecules banded together to form cells.

Bombing of Marshall Islands Essay

The bombing of Marshall Islands, which Marshallese people will never forget. An awful act on the United States for testing nuclear weapons. People on the Marshall Islands were terrorized because of this. They suffered dramatic loses between families. And remorse that will never be forgiven. Having this coming from the United States was fair because of the war they were going into. It would be beneficial to research new bombs to test out before using. After this event the Marshallese a person were being cared after by the government, but is this compensation worth it. The testing of weapons worth, risking the hopeless innocent lives. People of the Marshall Islands don’t deserve to be treated how the Americans did. â€Å"The islanders suffered skin burns, and their hair fell out. Yet, in a statement to the press, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission stated that some Americans and Marshallese were â€Å"unexpectedly exposed to some radioactivity.† This happened because of the unexpected winds the U.S never predicted to happen but in their mind it wasn’t a worry. Some people were drastically affected from the radiation like Jula she suffered greatly from the bombings, deformation of her chin and mental retardation. Something that you can’t just take back and say nothing happened. Another incident happened when a mother gave birth to her baby but had defects like hydrocephalus which enlarges the skull and compression on the brain and could cause seizures. The United States immensely destroyed the Marshallese not only physically but their island as well. As the United States you would have to understand that testing of nuclear weapons was not only necessary but it will also get us ahead in advanced bombs. That people yet still have to understand. By testing at the Marshall Islands it was safe from the mainland and safe enough to observe and take test. This is why â€Å"Micronesia has been shaped and influenced by â€Å"the goal of maintaining and increasing U.S. power and advantage in the region.† In the Marshall Islands, the US tested a total of 66 atomic and hydrogen bombs between 1946 and 1958.† By testing this military weapon it made U.S a might that no one could match. The program of nuclear research was right to end wars and conflicts. As the result of the bombing the Marshallese people were given money and free programs they could sign up for. â€Å"In 1986 a Compact of Free Association went into effect between the United States and the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The compact established a $150 million fund to compensate the Marshallese for damage done by the U.S. nuclear testing program. The United States accepted â€Å"responsibility for compensation owing to citizens of the Marshall Islands. For loss or damage to property and person of the citizens of the Marshall Islands.† Just because the United States compensated for their loses, it still was not enough to bring back their loved ones. People that come from the pacific look down on Marshallese people because of the recognition they received. Because they never had at least an apology. People that were treated like the Marshallese people lived a rough life. Having to abandon your home and even your family just because the U.S said. Winning the war is great but how can you say that if it took the lives of many to achieve. Even if the U.S only compensated the Marshallese people and not everyone else who suffered from the U.S. Not only the people were hurt but everyone around as well, but we still wouldn’t live this day if the U.S didn’t test nuclear weapons.

How to Make Eggrolls

Throughout my childhood and growing up, my mother always made something simple for us to eat. I always thought it was simple, but it’s more complicated than it looks. My mother always made eggrolls, noodles, and this Vietnamese special sauce called â€Å"nuoc mam†. It’s the simplest and quickest thing to make when you have about five children to feed in the house. The only problem is, is that you would have to pre-make the eggrolls already. So how do you do such?Well first you would have to gather all of your ingredients. There’s over ten items that you would need. First you would have to purchase grounded pork, shrimps, eggs, white onions, green onions, black pepper, salt, carrots, Vietnamese potato, different Vietnamese spices, and many more. You would have to chop up the carrots and Vietnamese potato in tiny little strands and pieces. Then you would throw everything in one big bucket and mix it with your hands, but make sure your hands are washed cleanl y!Once you’re done mixing everything in the bucket, you take the eggroll wrapping sheet, place it on a cutting board, take a spoon and scoop the mixed pork onto one corner of the eggroll wrapping sheet, roll it, and dab a little bit of egg yolk to seal it. You would have to continuously do this until you run out of the eggroll wrapping sheets or out of the pork itself. You would have to have your fryer at three hundred and fifty degrees and wait until the oil boils.The best way to figure out if the oil is hot and ready is by sticking a wooden chopstick into the oil and seeing if there are sizzling bubbles bubbling around the wooden chopstick. Once the oil is hot, you drop however many eggrolls you want or that would fit in your fryer or pot, and let it fry in the fryer. You leave it in there for about five to eight minutes and then check on it again. If it looks golden brown, you can either flip it and leave it in the fryer for another two minutes or simply take it out and se t it on a plate or basket with napkins beneath it so the oil could drip on it.In the end, all you have to do is boil some Vietnamese rice noodles, chop the vegetables you would like to eat with the eggrolls, and make the Vietnamese special sauce if you please. You would put the noodles first into a bowl or a plate, put the vegetables that you would like onto the top of the noodles, then take a pair of scissors and cut the eggrolls to fall on top of the vegetables. Then you would have to drizzle the sauce on top of the eggrolls, noodles, and vegetables. All you basically have to do is stir, and dig in!